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A 60-year-old man has type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presence of which of the following is the first indication of diabetic nephropathy?
In a patient with acute kidney injury secondary to a post renal cause, lab findings in the first one to two days will show all of the following, except:
In a patient with post-renal AKI, what treatment will most likely correct the problem?
A 53 year old male presents to your clinic concerned about an enlarged right testicle. There is no pain and he is afebrile. He first noticed a slight enlargement after he slid into a saddle horn while riding his horse five years ago. He did not seek treatment, but he recalls it caused significant pain. The same testicle now seems to be getting larger. What is the most likely cause of the enlarged testicle?
A 60 year old male presents to your clinic with a painless, enlarged left testicle. It has been enlarged for years, but he thinks he ought to have it checked, “Just to be sure it’s not cancer.” Of the following options, which is the next best diagnostic tool?
A 58-year-old male presents with a known hydrocele. His enlarged testicle has been present for about four years. It does not cause any pain, it does not impact his quality of life, the only time he even thinks about it is when he has his annual examination, and his PA mentions it. What is the best treatment option?
What is the most common cause of hydrocele in an infant?
Which of the following is most likely to lead to urge incontinence?
A 27-year old man presents to the ED complaining of scrotal pain. The pain began 4 days ago and gradually worsened. The patient states his scrotum is too tender to allow for an adequate examination. Rectal exam is normal. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?
A 35-year-old male presents with fever, chills, “burning” dysuria, perianal pain and micturition urgency. He is most concerned with noticing blood in his ejaculate after coitus. There is no hematuria or casts seen on urinalysis. Patient refuses rectal exam. What underlying condition do you suspect?
Which of the following findings suggests hypocalcemia as the underlying cause?
A 60-year-old woman has a 2 day history of fever, dysuria, and right low back pain. Blood pressure 90/64 mm Hg, pulse 136/min, respirations 26/min. The patient appears acutely ill. Examination shows generalized flushing and right costovertebral tenderness. Urinalysis shows pyuria with white cell casts. After appropriate cultures are taken, which of the following is the preferred first line therapy?
Which of the following findings suggests hyperkalemia as the underlying cause?
Which of the following findings suggests hypermagnesemia as the underlying cause?
Which of the following findings suggests hypercalcemia as the underlying cause?
A 44-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a complaint of back pain, urinary frequency and hematuria. CT scan confirms the presence of a 3 mm stone nonobstructing stone in the renal pelvis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment strategy for this patient?
A 65-year-old male presents with a complaint of painless gross hematuria. He has a history of hypertension for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide, and hyperlipidemia for which he takes atorvastatin. His abdominal, genital and rectal examinations are all normal. Urinalysis reveals red blood cells that are too numerous to count, but no other abnormalities. Culture is negative. Which of the following would be the next appropriate step in the diagnosis of this patient?
A 45-year-old female is receiving cyclophosphamide as part of her chemotherapy regimen for ovarian cancer. She develops acute onset of gross hematuria. Urinalysis is normal aside from the presence of blood. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A 20-year-old male presents with a history of a sensation of heaviness in his right testicle. On examination the testicle is firm and diffusely enlarged. Ultrasound is suggestive of testicular cancer. Which of the following tumor markers should be measured in this patient?
A 64-year-old male complains of a weak urinary stream, splaying of the urinary stream and dysuria. He has had 4 urinary tract infections since he had a diagnostic cystoscopy one year ago. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A 64-year-old smoker presents with a complaint of right sided flank pain for two weeks. He denies any urinary symptoms. On examination there is a right sided abdominal mass. Urinalysis reveals microscopic hematuria. Cultures are negative. Which of the following imaging studies would be the most appropriate study for this patient?
A 34-year-old female is found to have a simple renal cyst as an incidental finding on an abdominal CT scan. She is asymptomatic. Which of the following is the most appropriate management strategy for this patient?
A 30-year-old female presents with a complaint of pain when her bladder is full which is relieved with urination. She also reports significant urinary urgency. The symptoms have been ongoing for several months. There is no evidence of infection with repeated cultures. Cystoscopy reveals findings consistent with interstitial cystitis. Which of the following medications would be the most appropriate treatment for this patient?
A 54-year-old male with a long history of hypertension is found to have an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30 ml/min/1.73m2. Which stage of chronic kidney disease does this correlate with?
Hypocalcemia can be seen in all of the following conditions except:
A 44-year-old male presents with a complaint of fever, suprapubic pain, pain in the perineum and dysuria. On examination he has moderate suprapubic tenderness and a normal genital examination. Urinalysis is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. Which of the following should be avoided in this patient?
Which of the following is the most common inheritance pattern of adult polycystic kidney disease?
A 2-month-old female presents for a well-baby check, and is found to have bilateral cryptorchidism. Hormonal analysis is normal. Which of the following would be the ideal age for orchidopexy to be done in this child?
A 16-year-old patient is seen in the emergency department with a 2-day history of severe, persistent diarrhea after traveling overseas. Her arterial blood gas results show decreased PCO2, decreased pH, and decreased HCO3. The best interpretation of these results is:
A 59-year-old male with DM type, chronic renal failure, and recent onset of cough with pleuritic type chest pain arrives at the emergency department. Significant physical examination findings include temperature of 100.7°F, BP of 82/53, HR of 132 beats/minute and regular, and RR of 41 with O2 saturation of 88% on 40% face mask. The ABG shows pH of 7.25, PCO2 of 19, and PO2 of 60 mm Hg. The acid-base disturbance is best described as: